Nnnndrought tolerance in maize pdf files

Identification of drought, heat, and combined drought and. We tested the hypothesis that reduced root cortical cell file number ccfn would improve drought tolerance in maize zea mays by reducing. Omics of maize stress response for sustainable food production. The fundamental approach to solving this problem is to screen new genes of low phosphorous lp tolerance.

Evaluation of variety and plant density on grain yield. However, in maize, a major effect of water stress is a delay in silk. Maize zea mays l is one of the most important cereal crops grown in africa and rank the third most cultivated crop in nigeria ayeni, 1987. In doing this, some 84 mexican ethnic groups are also acting as stewards of maize genetic diversity. Importance of pesticides for growing maize in south and. These farmers grow their own seed and depend on maize as their main source of food. Evaluation of different maize varieties zea mays l. Agbiz grain supports and promotes the interests of its members through representation and liaison with major role players in agriculture such as formal grain industry bodies, government, semigovernment. Department of agriculture, agricultural research service, university of nebraska, lincoln, ne 68583, usa.

Stephen smith, ed buckler and john doebley,1 department of statistics, north carolina state university, raleigh, north carolina 27695, department of crop science, north carolina. The root elongation was the single most significant index in ranking the genotypes against al tolerance. Gas exchange, which mainly assesses the first process, has welldefined protocols. According to an estimate the application of nitrogen fertilizer will increase maize yield by 6070 percent in year 2025 and twothird of this will be applied in developing world 7. Given the diversity of ecosystems in which maize can be grown, it is highly likely that there is genetic variability in the tolerance of tropical and subtropical maize to heat stress. Maize yield and components as influenced by environment and. University of groningen the determinants of salinity. The maize inbred line 178 is an inbred lptolerant line. Information on the gross chemical composition of maize is. Alternatively click here to download the full set in pdf. Chemical composition of the maize kernel components % carbohydrates 84,0 protein 10,9 fat 4,5 minerals 1,3 table 1. Extraearly maize inbreds and hybrids that are resistant to striga, tolerant of low nitrogen n and drought at flowering and grain filling periods, and that combine tolerance for these three stresses are now available in subsaharan africa as a result of the painstaking research under the maize improvement program at iita. Consequently, grain yield was higher in the first than in the second growing season, regardless of hybrid, planting date and row spacing figure 3.

The chilling tolerance of six genetically different maize inbred lines with different degrees of chilling tolerance and that of four hybrids produced from four of these lines using line 156 as the. Growing maize in nigeria choice of land any well drained sandy loam or loamy soil can be used for planting maize but if in doubt, contact your nearest extension office or agroservice center. Genetic variation was found between the genotypes for yield potential yp stress yield ys, tolerance index tol, geometric mean productivity gmp, harmonic. Since corn is grown in climatically diverse regions and under different production conditions, assuming that high salinity in the substrate affect. Limited information is available on genetic variation in lownitrogen lown stress tolerance and nuse efficiency nue among maize inbreds. Maize with a high percentage of translucent of hard endosperm is preferred by the dry milling industry, because it produces more of the popular highquality and highvalue products sought after than does soft maize. Genetic structure and diversity among maize inbred lines. To characterize how maize seedling respond to drought stress at the transcriptional level, we. Lown agronomic efficiency lnae, absolute grain yield gy at lown conditions, and the ratio between gy. Quantifying the effect of pyraclostrobin on grain fill. In the case of the sweet maize, the sugary gene retards the normal conversion of sugar within. Response of maize zea mays lvarieties to planting densities. In this study we evaluated 300 maize inbred lines testcrossed to cml539. Researcharticle effect of irrigation and preplant nitrogen fertilizer source on maize in the southern great plains jacobt.

Annotation csv files for the exon arrays are split into a probeset level annotation file and a transcript cluster level annotation file. Influence of row spacing reduction on maize grain yield in regions with a short summer. It is considered a standard method for evaluation of plant responses to drought. Transgenic foodmaize has been detectedalbeit in variable proportionsdeep in the.

Influence of row spacing reduction on maize grain yield 863 dropped per hill to assure the desired stand on each treatment. Hamish cheetham1 james millner2 and allan hardacre3 1corson grain ltd, gisborne. This type of hybrid maize is used for specialty products of the wetmilling starch industry. Obtaining ideal plant populations in maize is necessary in order to maximize grain yields. The observed data are from the calibration data set from clay center, ne, in 2002. To understand the response of maize to abiotic and biotic stresses and its mechanism of stress tolerance, highthroughput omics approaches have been used in. It spread to the rest of the world after european contact with the americas in the late 15th and early 16th century. Comparisons of maize populations for aluminum tolerance in nutrient solution r. For instance, yield of maize has stagnated at about 1. Subsequently, organized approach towards a systematic corresponding author. Click the below thumbnails to view the deviations enlarged.

Consequently, the exploration and utilization of lptolerant genes are of great significance in plants. Developing drought and low n tolerant maize cimmyt repository. Maize yield and fertilizer n rate as observed symbols and simulated with the spherical function used in the maizen model solid line. Salt tolerance of corn genotypes zea mays l during. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of maize. Maize yield and components as influenced by environment. Influence of plant height and of leaf number on maize production at high plant densities1 luis sangoi2 and ricardo jonathan salvador3 abstract this experiment was conducted in ames, iowa, us, with the purpose of verifying if reduction in plant height, through the use of dwarfing genes, or leaf number, by growing short season. Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced each year than any other grain. Screening relevant genes of tolerance to low phosphorus in. Comparisons of maize populations for aluminum tolerance in. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of this fungicide on i foliar disease severity and stalk health, ii incidence of green leaves in the upper leaf canopy stay green. Low water availability is one of the major causes for maize yield reductions affecting the majority of the farmed regions around the world.

Evaluation of variety and plant density on grain yield, number of seed per cob and 100 grain weight in maize zea mays l. Effects of drought stress and water recovery on physiological. Other droughttolerant maize varieties are under development. Drought tolerance in maize is influenced by timing of drought. In general, maize showed steady progress in terms of area expansion and production figure 2. The current status of tropical maize transformation. Therefore, the development of droughttolerant lines becomes increasingly more important. We also conclude that simple nutrient solution can be effectively used for screening crops for al tolerance.

Identification of drought, heat and combined drought and. Agronomic and physiological approaches article pdf available in crop and pasture science 606. Since corn has been classified as one of the most sensitive crops to soil salinity, the evaluation of nacl tolerance of a hybrid of zea mays ssp. The project of maize breeding for tolerance to low n was established at nsw fcrc in 1995 with the objectives of developing inbred lines, hybrids and populations tolerant to low n. Photosynthesis can be roughly separated into biochemical and photochemical processes. The seeding stage of maize is especially sensitive to drought stress. Maize kernels of another colour in white maize bloody butcher not defective.

While the usa produces almost half of the worlds harvest, other top producing countries are as widespread as china, brazil, france, indonesia, and south africa. The space between two adjacent hills within each row was 26. Response of maize to nitrogen levels and seed priming. Ammonium tolerance and carbohydrate status in maize cultivars. Characterization of maize inbred lines for drought and.

Nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield in a diallelic. The effect of nitrogen fertilisation on maize grain. O notill cultivation of maize in rolled forage peas n. Tilling the maize crop leads to soil compaction and reduces soil quality, which can have a negative impact upon the growing conditions of subsequent crops. Notill processes are soilconserving, but highly challengingin organic farm. Three experiments were conducted in minnesota to compare drought. Genetic structure and diversity among maize inbred lines as inferred from dna microsatellites kejun liu, major goodman, spencer muse, j. Since there was ahigh degreeofconcordanceamong replicateassays,inferred. Maize is a staple food crop for millions of africans. Twumasiafriyie2 1international maize and wheat improvement center cimmyt, mexico 2 cimmyt, ethiopia introduction maize zea mays l.

Low maize yields and the impacts of climate change on maize production highlight the need to improve yields in eastern and southern africa. Affymetrix is dedicated to developing stateoftheart technology for acquiring, analyzing, and managing complex genetic information for use in biomedical research. Introduction maize zea mays l is the most important and most widely distributed cereal in the world after wheat and rice. Both are affected by drought and can be assessed by noninvasive standard methods. Maize yields have improved drastically over the last 40 years. To unveil this information, a panel of 189 diverse maize inbred lines was evaluated under contrasting levels of n availability over 2 years. Breeding for drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Influence of row spacing reduction on maize grain yield in.

The reasons for low yield of maize in nigeria are associated with a number of biotic and abiotic. Five open pollinated maize varieties zm401, zm309, zm521, zm421 and hickory king and one hybrid maize variety sc709 were evaluated for tolerance and their effects on progeny development against the maize weevil, sitophilus zeamais motsch. Drought tolerant varieties developed through biotechnology enable farmers to protect their harvest and minimize losses in times of severe drought by using water more efficiently. Maize set more grains per ear and filled heavier grains in 199697 than in 199798 figures 1 and 2. Identification of drought, heat and combined drought and heat tolerant donors in maize zea mays l. Association mapping for cold tolerance in two large maize inbred. The production of this crop has been transformed from that of a minor crop being grown around the homestead to a major or. The absence of resistance or tolerance in the local maize varieties to the american rust shaped the first approach towards an improvement of the maize crop and introduction of maize materials from all over the world. Maize is thought to have originated at least 5000 years ago in the highlands of mexico, peru, ecuador, andor bolivia because of the great density of native forms found in the region. In recent years, the consumption of maize as a food crop has declined while the. Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. Importance of pesticides for growing maize in south and southeast asia leonard p. Gianessi 1 international pesticide benefit case study 107 september, 2014 introduction traditionally, maize was grown in south and southeast asia primarily as a subsistence food crop. There have been four principal and several minor theories regarding the origin of.

Low water availability is one of the major causes for maize yield reductions affecting the majority of the farmed regions around the wor l d. Pdf breeding for drought tolerance in maize zea mays l. Genetic structure and diversity among maize inbred lines as. Drought tolerance in maize is influenced by timing of. Nafziger encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1. Maize responses to drought drought is a multidimensional stress, affecting plants at various levels of their organization over space and time, so that the physiological responses to it are complex and often unpredictable. This waxy maize is composed entirely of amyl pectin, in contrast with common maize which contains approximately 78 percent of starch and 22 percent of amylose. Identification of drought, heat and combined drought and heat.

Furthermore, we assessed the effect of this fungicide on i foliar disease severity and stalk health, ii incidence of green leaves in the upper leaf. Identification of drought, heat, and combined drought and heat. Marked strings were used during planting to position the seeds properly on each. The tolerant germplasm accessions, like those identified in this study, are essential materials for breeding drought andor heattolerant maize hybrids. Rapid screening method for aluminum tolerance in maize. However, tropical maize has been shown to have stable yields across a narrower range of temperatures than temperate maize lafitte et al. Insect pests cause major damage to stored maize grain thereby reducing its weight, quality and germination vigour. Maize is the most important food crop in the w orld for people and animal due to its high quality nutrition. Population improvement in maize for corn rootworm tolerance. Yield increases over that time period have been shown to be largely due to hybrids with greater crowding stress tolerance combined with increased plant populations duvick 2005.

Effect of irrigation and preplant nitrogen fertilizer. Technology adoption is often countered by the uncertainty of the timing when positive impacts start to be realized. Reduced root cortical cell file number improves drought. Despite this fact, african farmers have been harvesting average grain yield of not more than. Genotype dependent tolerance to herbicides of maize zea. This supports the widely held view that technology adoption increases household incomes. Screening drought tolerance criteria in maize agecon search. Characterization of maize inbred lines for drought and heat. On a daily basis, we can access from maize about 66. Affymetrix support by product for genechip maize genome array. Identification of drought tolerant mechanisms in maize. Magnavaca, national com and sorghum research center, embrapa.

Research in model species suggests that tolerance to combined drought and heat stress is genetically distinct from tolerance to either stress alone, but this has not been confirmed in maize. Molecular improvement of tropical maize for drought stress. The experiment reveals genotypic variation in plant genotypes in al tolerance that can be exploited for target breeding in acid soils. The high cost of inorganic fertilizer in west and central africa has necessitated an investigation into the nitrogen optimum fertilizer rate for profitable maize production. Improved maize covers about 55% of the total maize area. Biotechnological approaches to manage abiotic stress tolerance in maize will be discussed.

Drought, like many other environmental stresses, has adverse effects on crop yield including maize zea mays l. Article pdf available in american journal of plant sciences 0714. Mar 16, 2011 limited information is available on genetic variation in lownitrogen lown stress tolerance and nuse efficiency nue among maize inbreds. Furthermore, genetic and phenotypic analysis showed that maize hybrids made from inbred lines with superior heat tolerance inherited an enhanced tolerance to elevated temperatures. The 4114 maize is a new maize line that combines genes and traits from two maize lines that had previously been given nonregulated status. Abstract the interest in reducing maize row spacing in the short growing season regions of brazil is increasing due to potential advantages such as higher radiation use efficiency. First of all, due to homozygous, maize lines have often smaller habitus, with uneven growth than hybrid maize. Farhad hassanpour 1, hamid reza mobasser 1, hamid reza ganjali 1 department of agronomy, islamic azad university, zahedan branch, zahedan, iran article published on july 27, 2014 key words. Climate projections suggest higher temperatures within droughtprone areas.